Rivers & Watersheds
The Western Himalayas - A Natural Bridge Between Worlds
Sartoo, origin of JiwaNal River (3600 m)
Origin of Tirthan river near Tirath GHNP (3900 m)
Man Talai, origin of Parvati River (4200 m)
Rakti Sar, origin of Sainj River (4500 m)
From Headwaters to the Plains
Water originating in the major rivers of the Park is a vital resource and one of the most important primary hydrologic sources for the region. The four sub-watersheds — the Tirthan, Sainj, Jiwa Nal, and Parvati get their water from glaciers as well as runoff from the forests of the GHNP. Apparently, the glaciers at the headwaters are the main origin of rivers of the park.
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However, the thick forests of the major oak types contribute to the continuity of the regional hydrologic cycle and help maintain water quality for tens of millions of people living on the plains of India below.
Aerial view of Jiwa Nal river
A Living Water System
Many perennial streams and waterfalls of GHNP add water to the main rivers of the Park. The cold waters of these rivers harbour a large diversity of aquatic fauna (yet to be studied) prior to their control by developmental agencies (hydro-electric power, etc.) outside the Park.
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Thus, in terms of contribution to and maintenance of a consistent water flow regime, the Park is vitally important for the regions downstream.
Tirthan's crystal clear bluish colour in winter
Rivers Born of Snow and Stone
The park is a critical watershed for the Beas River. Four major tributaries — the Tirthan, Sainj, Jiwa Nal, and Parvati originate within GHNPCA. These rivers supply water to millions of people, farms, and industries downstream.
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The intact forests, meadows, and snowfields regulate water flow, store carbon, and stabilize soils, ensuring that the rivers run clean and steady throughout the year. Protecting GHNPCA is therefore not only about conserving wildlife, but also about safeguarding water security and ecosystem services for communities far beyond the park’s boundaries.
Riverine Forests of Sainj Valley